Archive
136 articles, grouped by date.
BERT-base under FHE takes 149 seconds, needs 112 GB, and sustains 0.007 samples/sec. Best-case MPC takes 2.3 seconds and 4 GB. The gap traces to one operation: bootstrapping — the noise-refresh that makes FHE theoretically unlimited but practically expensive.
EIP-7702, live in Pectra, lets an EOA borrow smart contract code for one transaction — no migration, no bundler. For AI agents: atomic batching closes the approve-to-swap MEV window, and session key delegation bounds the blast radius of a compromised agent without touching the master key.
A Uniswap v3 LP position in range [Pa, Pb] is mathematically a short strangle — short put at Pa, short call at Pb. Derive the equivalence, compute the Black-Scholes fair premium, and compare it to actual fee income at current ETH vol.
ERC-7683 gives users cross-chain swaps in 8 seconds by converting bridge latency into a solver capital float problem. The 4–7 bps spread is a rental rate on cross-chain inventory — here's the lifecycle, the capital math, and what AI agents pay to move capital across chains.
Nova replaces expensive SNARK-in-SNARK recursion with a random linear combination that folds two R1CS instances into one — 10× less overhead per step. For N-step AI inference: O(N) prover work, one constant-size final proof. NANOZK delivers this at GPT-2 scale: 6.9 KB, 23 ms verify.
To slash a dishonest AI operator on EigenLayer you need a proof. To produce one, you need determinism. EigenAI solves both: seeded inference + optimistic re-execution inside a TEE collapses verification to a byte-equality check — slashable at Ethereum-scale security.
Majority voting counts hands — it can't rank quality. Fortytwo's Bradley-Terry protocol achieves 85.90% on GPQA Diamond vs. 68.69% for majority voting, extracting ranking signal from pairwise comparisons and making Sybil attacks economically unattractive.
HTTP 402 sat reserved for 30 years. x402 fills it: an AI agent signs an EIP-3009 authorization into a header, a facilitator settles on Base in two seconds, no ETH required. Protocol mechanics, production numbers, and where the centralization risk lives.
Zero-knowledge proofs can slash a double-signer but not a lying AI oracle. EIGEN's intersubjective fault model closes this gap via social consensus-driven forking — and it's live on EigenAI mainnet.
Inference markets charge a flat price per query. A cascade arbitrageur routes easy tasks to a cheap model and escalates only failures — capturing the spread. Olmedo, Schölkopf & Hardt (2026) show 40% net margins with no model-dev risk.
Every zkSNARK bottoms out in a pairing check. Before Pectra you had BN254 at ~100-bit security. EIP-2537 added BLS12-381 at 128 bits, and its pairings are cheaper: 32,600k+37,700 vs 34,000k+45,000 gas. G2 MUL dropped from millions to 22,500 gas.
A1 generates working exploits against 63% of real-world DeFi contracts. The attack costs ~$6k to break even; a comprehensive audit costs $60k. That 10× gap is the new threat model for every team deploying on a public chain.